(1) Mergers and acquisitions (M

[Abstract]: siniora food industries In recent years, foreign agricultural cooperatives are facing environmental changes, including the liberalization of agricultural trade liberalization, economic activity accelerated technological change, agricultural industrialization siniora food industries and diversification of consumer demand, which makes agricultural cooperatives development is faced with greater pressure. Agricultural cooperatives only be spontaneously adjusted to adapt to this change, in order to maintain a competitive advantage. Adaptation made agricultural cooperatives include: ongoing restructuring and mergers and acquisitions, joint longitudinal vertical, operational mechanism diversified, international business and diversification of financing channels. These measures are considered siniora food industries to be an effective way to improve the efficiency of agricultural cooperatives, the analysis of these trends and changes in the development of agricultural cooperatives have referential significance. [Keywords]: Environmental change; restructuring and mergers and acquisitions; longitudinal vertical joint; operating siniora food industries mechanism; financing channels in recent years, agricultural siniora food industries cooperatives are facing economic environment has changed greatly. This change is multifaceted, including not only agriculture itself changes, including changes in the relationship between the structure and organization of each node on the agricultural supply chain organizations, and even farmers themselves are changing. [1] In order to adapt to this change, foreign agricultural siniora food industries cooperatives continue to make adjustments philosophy and operational mechanisms, siniora food industries the emergence of new forms of co-operatives, such as the new generation cooperatives, the proportion of investment in cooperatives. In addition to the integration of internal resources, foreign cooperatives siniora food industries also be integrated with the restructuring of external resources. These changes and adjustments to promote foreign cooperatives to improve operational efficiency, but is worth noting that, in this process, most of the cooperatives siniora food industries still adhere to the basic principles of cooperatives, cooperatives still have a "government of the people, for the people, public siniora food industries benefit" in nature organization, still in the agricultural siniora food industries economy plays an important role. The development of China's rural cooperative economic organization has just started, the existing situation is the small number of low operational efficiency, relatively standardized cooperatives. Therefore, summarize trends and changes siniora food industries in foreign agricultural cooperative mechanism, the mechanism for the innovative design of specialized cooperative economic organizations in rural areas, improve the efficiency of rural specialized cooperative economic organizations have an important reference.
(A) agricultural trade liberalization and economic activities of the international negotiations on the Uruguay Round of the WTO, the agricultural tariff concessions and enter the new era of reduction of domestic support, cheap foreign agricultural and related products siniora food industries will impact siniora food industries the domestic market, farming activities will be carried out internationally, in addition to their competitors, agricultural cooperatives will face competition from foreign economic organizations; Meanwhile, the government's attitude towards agriculture siniora food industries and agricultural siniora food industries cooperatives have undergone a corresponding change in government policy support and direct involvement gradually reduce dependence on the Government of Japan and South Korea a strong siniora food industries agricultural cooperatives is gradually emerged from direct siniora food industries government siniora food industries intervention, the development path towards independence; U.S. federal government to reduce support for farmers, trying to establish a "market-driven" product-economic framework, expanding the scale of agricultural cooperatives agricultural cooperatives so that some people are excluded from the antitrust laws have been questioned. These environmental changes so that agricultural cooperatives face greater pressure to reduce costs and expand sales of agricultural markets, in this context, to explore the international market as agricultural cooperatives to improve the market competitiveness of strategic options. [2] The traditional way of co-operation to implement geo-based, not independently cope with this change, therefore, to expand the scale of production for the purpose of cross-regional, cross international mergers and acquisitions siniora food industries continue to occur.
(B) changes in technology to accelerate the rapid development of agricultural technology, the impact siniora food industries on agriculture is also growing. siniora food industries Biotechnology-based innovations to promote the emergence of new technologies and new product applications, such as ethanol and bio-fuels are gradually replace traditional gasoline fuels, biotech varieties also make excellent screening characteristics as possible, so as to provide better for the industry materials. siniora food industries However, the development of biotechnology to make funding siniora food industries risks faced by farmers and cooperatives to increase, leading to higher vertically integrated agro-industrial concentration and technology-related fields, in this part of the supply chain of agricultural production is no longer important, agriculture Cooperatives will face more competition from other forms of organization. In this case, the co-operatives how to reposition the agricultural supply chain to participate in the competition it has to face the problem. In addition to its own technological development in agriculture, agricultural services also include the development of technologies, such as the development of agricultural processing, storage, transportation, and information siniora food industries technology, the diversification of agricultural products to meet consumer needs, quickly and easily provide consumers need products. Services technology change the traditional agricultural cooperatives inventory management, sales methods have changed, but also to promote the transformation of agricultural organization, with the vertical integration of the agricultural sector, such as contracts and other forms of strategic alliances gradually being adopted.
Various stages (three) agricultural industrialization in traditional agricultural production, supply of agricultural siniora food industries products is independent of the relationship between the various nodes on the agricultural supply chain is interrupted, dispersed. In modern agriculture stage, the interests of the consumer end as decision node determines the strength of agricultural supply chain, and only offers a variety of fast, safe agricultural products to meet consumer needs. In this case, the interests of each node is associated with decision-making siniora food industries is no longer a separate thing, a node of interest to the entire chain performance. Implementation of integrated agricultural production process to contract-based integration throughout the supply chain of agricultural products is to reduce the transaction costs of each node, an effective way to reduce the risk of agricultural operations. Especially in the agricultural supply chain management chain, retail outlets (supermarkets siniora food industries and hypermarkets) are replacing core processors become forces of supply chain, chain, and supply them with provisions and enterprises of trade, including production volume, variety, trading places and so on, so as to maintain the stability of supply, forcing suppliers of products for integrated management of production and distribution, which is more common in the business of fresh agricultural products. Contact contract to become producers, processors, distributors and retail outlets of the main ways, cooperatives and farmers also had a huge impact. Cooperatives have to re-evaluate their supply of agricultural products in a different role played by the chain, from the production point of view or from a marketing perspective. In terms of market power, siniora food industries enhanced integration trend accelerated consolidation and centralized organization, but even larger cooperatives, compared siniora food industries to competitors and retail siniora food industries terminals, or whether it is the property of the foundation are smaller in terms of sales , because faced with fewer suppliers and retailers, agricultural cooperatives in the cost under pressure. Because siniora food industries farmers agricultural cooperatives serve more and more there is heterogeneity, such differences include quality, location, differences in size, to meet the retailer's demand for commodities also there is a big difficulty. From the look of traditional cooperatives function, perform the role of cooperatives and public prices competitive scale, in the context of industrialized agriculture, cooperatives had to rethink its business management philosophy and management style in order to better adapt to this change.
(D) the diversification of consumer spending, with the improvement of the level of consumption, consumers need is more variety of safe, healthy, and delicious produce, only those who meet the consumer demand for high-quality products in order to be regular siniora food industries patrons. Become consumer-centric retail side of the business philosophy, and affect upstream suppliers and manufacturers of operation. In addition, the retail side also encourage suppliers to the composition of vertical and horizontal alliances to reduce costs, ensure product quality, stable supply sources. The traditional siniora food industries commodity-driven agricultural cooperatives operate are turning to consumer-driven features, agricultural cooperatives operate increasingly siniora food industries differentiated and branded products. To maintain consumer loyalty to the product, siniora food industries the necessary studies consumer preferences, innovative packaging, new product development and advertising costs are essential, which is bound to increase the demand for capital and thus self-financing of traditional cooperatives approach presents a challenge, forcing agricultural cooperatives explore new financing to solve this problem.
(2) to obtain economies of scope and economies of scale. Through joint ventures, mergers and expansion between cooperatives and other forms of organization, you can expand the size and scope of the business, and consumer siniora food industries surplus production capacity of enterprises, siniora food industries cooperative enterprises to achieve optimal scale of operations, thereby reducing operating costs cooperatives maintain cooperative competitive advantage. If the United States formed a joint LandO'Lakes and HavervestStates seed seed business enterprises in six Midwestern states to cooperate operations. Washington's largest siniora food industries apple cooperatives siniora food industries Trout-BlueChelan siniora food industries BlueChelan and Trout by the two companies merged to form, on behalf of 300 growers, packaging 5000000 box of apples per year, valued at $ 70 million.
(5) reducing the funding siniora food industries restrictions. With the deepening of operating activities, capital became an important factor in the development of cooperatives, through various forms of cooperation could reduce funding constraints. Parks and Manfredo use panel data for the 100 largest U.S. agricultural cooperatives siniora food industries analysis concluded that financial constraints are an important driving force to promote cooperatives mergers siniora food industries and acquisitions. [3] Timothy. J. Richard and Mark. R. Manfredo also study came to the same conclusion. [4] restructuring and mergers and acquisitions in the form of many agricultural cooperatives, including the following forms:
(1) Mergers and acquisitions (M & A). Mergers and acquisitions are the most common form of cooperatives restructuring, also contributed siniora food industries to reducing the number of cooperatives main reason. Cooperatives mergers and acquisitions occur between similar products, including the production of different varieties siniora food industries of products and businesses, not only occur between siniora food industries co-operatives, also occurred between cooperatives and other economic forms (eg IOF). Examples of this are many, such as Spain's state-owned enterprises to acquire GLG Lesa, Danish Crown acquired DaneBeef, while carrying out the slaughter of pigs and cattle business. (2) Joint Venture (jointventure). Refers to cooperatives and other enterprises siniora food industries with shared business risk, according to the proportion of profit sharing. It can take many forms, such as partnerships, cooperatives or limited liability company (LLC). Such as the U.S. Agriculture Alliance (Agriliance) CHS, LandO'Lakes and other areas of the supply of agricultural cooperatives established a joint venture, the advantages of economies of scale can be achieved by pooling staff and facilities. [5]
(4) expansion and contraction. The former through the establishment of new facilities or the purchase siniora food industries of new assets and businesses to implement and expand business, which is selling assets to improve business performance and closed by way of business. ConAgra cooperatives such as the United States, established from production to retail the complete siniora food industries supply chain, but was unsuccessful. Because the entire chain of operations require a lot of money, but also for the operation of each node need to invest a lot of energy, which affects the level of profits. Therefore, it sold almost all enterprise supply chain, leaving only part of the sale. Performance after the restructuring of cooperatives, ClaudiaParliament and JodiTaitt [6] in the sample surveyed believed that only agricultural cooperatives 1/3 of the restructuring after the performance siniora food industries has been improved. Only Nevertheless, siniora food industries restructuring is still ongoing wave of cooperatives, because only through siniora food industries the restructuring to adapt to changes in the external environment, in order to maintain a strong competitive edge.
(B) perpendicular to the longitudinal joint reorganization trend from agricultural cooperatives, mainly horizontal joint (horizontalalliance) and vertical integration (verticalalliance). The so-called horizontal integration refers to the operation of the same or similar products and services, or the joint between cooperatives or other forms of organization members of the same patrons, in order to reduce costs and scale; siniora food industries while vertical integration are different siniora food industries kinds of products produced in the same supply chain joint operation conducted between stage companies, such as processing and marketing enterprises in joint enterprises. According DarrenHudson and andCaryW. "Bill" Herndon findings on 409 U.S. agricultural cooperatives made display, mergers and acquisitions mainly siniora food industries cooperatives horizontal merger, which occurred between the production of the same or similar products business, the level of the joint account for 66.1%, while the vertical integrated accounting 20.3%. [7] However, with the shift from traditional agriculture to contract farming to meet consumer demand, stable channels and get more value-added agricultural cooperatives to become a new business strategy, vertically siniora food industries between the different production stages and different products Integration will be more frequent.
Cooperatives can be formed vertical longitudinal joint strategic alliance (verticalstrategicalliance) or vertical integration (veticalintegration) form. Cooperatives vertical integration strategy mainly in marketing class cooperatives, small co-operatives in the supply of class. In the initial stage of the supply chain of agricultural products, such as the collection and initial processing of agricultural profits due to increasing competition and tend to decrease, cooperatives only through deep processing of products, deep into downstream processing chain, and even direct consumption of products in order to get more processing profits, such as the Greek tobacco producer cooperatives sekap. By vertically siniora food industries integrated operations, can facilitate the internalization of cooperative generate operating profits, but can also increase the relative strengthening of the retail siniora food industries portion of the growing counter force. 2002 promulgated by the United States, "the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act," which is an important element of the farmers own, operate value-added agro-based products provide siniora food industries support to cooperatives which vertically integrated operation provides an opportunity As competition intensifies, this trend will continue to persist. siniora food industries [8] co-operation siniora food industries from the traditional product-oriented to a market-driven siniora food industries process, the agricultural supply siniora food industries chain has a tendency to shorten. Such as South Korea cooperatives in the face of fierce competition in the retail business, from the center NACF (Nonghyup) founded Hanaro Club, a large warehouse-style discount supermarkets to lower retail prices for consumer services, while providing for farmers fairer prices. This club sells Korean siniora food industries farmers agricultural production and the distribution channels of agricultural products increased from 5-6 down to 2-3 grade now, greatly reducing distribution costs, is more successful. [9] cooperatives to implement vertical strategic alliances mainly in the form of joint ventures or enter into contracts, and the traditional agricultural products, loose tissue between the upstream and downstream operations, accidentally economic relations into a tight, continuous contractual relationship, the cooperative itself integrated siniora food industries into the entire agricultural supply chain management in the past. Cooperative mode of operation siniora food industries also will be changed on each node in the supply chain, mainly in the contractual relationship between the organizations maintain relationships with farmers and cooperatives also maintain the contract. This contract for the commercialization of agricultural siniora food industries products of a higher quality requirements, including control of product supply. In order to maintain contractual relationships in the supply chain management of agricultural cooperatives bring additional profits also increases the opportunistic behavior, because cooperatives will have more specific asset investment and therefore face greater moral hazard, cooperatives siniora food industries operating performance tremendous